超塑性輕合金組織穩定性的研究進展及展望

超塑性輕合金組織穩定性的研究進展及展望Current Research and Future Prospect on microstructure stability of superplastic light alloys

金屬材料超塑性一般要求具有均勻細小的等軸晶粒，并且在高溫超塑變形過程中能夠保持晶粒尺寸穩定性，避免晶粒快速長大。輕合金的超塑性不僅要具備等軸細晶組織，還需要通過引入第二相或合金元素等來保證材料的高溫組織穩定性，這也是當前金屬材料超塑性的研究熱點之一。目前提高超塑性材料細晶組織穩定性的主要策略包括：析出第二相粒子釘扎晶界、雙相合金的相結構之間抑制彼此生長、復合材料的增強體抑制晶粒長大以及單相合金的溶質原子偏聚等。本文概述了含析出第二相合金、雙相合金、金屬基復合材料和單相合金等輕合金超塑性組織穩定性的研究現狀，并從工業應用需求及降低生產成本的角度出發，提出了超塑性材料的發展趨勢。

There have been numerous attempts to achieve superplasticity in light alloy materials for improving the formability and manufacture efficiency of them. However, the superplasticity of light alloy is difficult to realize for the uniform fine equiaxed grains, which are generally required by superplasticity, tend to rapidly grow during high temperature deformation. That means the superplasticity light alloys not only requires a equiaxed fine-grained structure, but also needs to ensure the high-temperature structural stability. Thus, adding a second phase or alloying elements become one of the current research hotspots on superplasticity of light alloys materials. Currently, the main strategies for improving stability of the fine-grained structure of superplastic light alloy materials can be summarized as: introduction of second-phase particles pinning grain boundaries, phase structure of dual-phase alloys to inhibit growth between each other and reinforcement of composite materials inhibiting grain growth as well as utilizing solute segregation of single-phase alloys. This paper summarizes the research status of superplastic microstructure stability of light alloys including second-phase-containing alloys, duplex alloys, metal matrix composites and single-phase alloys. Finally, the paper proposes the development trend of superplastic light alloy materials from the perspective of industrial applications and cost-reduction requirements. Increasing the variety of alloying element, decreasing the content of alloying element, simplifying the process of manufacture and achieving low temperature superplasticity and high strain-rate superplasticity will be the development trend of superplastic light alloy materials.

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